Planning

Identifying

Locating

Evaluating

Documenting

Exercises

LOGOUT

Footnotes

Click to see the appropriate footnote citations for the following sources:

• Book
• Book with Two Authors
• Chapter in an edited book
• Journal article
• Book Reviews
• Newspaper
• Theses and Dissertations
• Unpublished material
• Internet sites
• Subsequent footnotes

---

Book

The first, full reference for a book should contain the following information:

• author: full name of author(s) or editor(s); first name always precedes surname!
• title: full title of book, including subtitle if there is one
• edition, if not the first edition
• volume number of a multivolume work
• publication data: city, publisher and date of publication
• page number or numbers, if applicable

¹John Hope Franklin, George Washington Williams: A Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 54.

Pages are referred to by number alone; the abbreviations p. and pp. should not be used.

For a bibliography entry for this title, click here.

---

Book with Two Authors

When a book has two authors, their names are listed in the order in which they appear on the title page.

¹⁶Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

For a bibliographical entry for this title click here.

---

Chapter in a Book

For such sources the following information is required:

• author: full name of author(s)
• title: full title of chapter
• full name of editor(s)
• publication data: city, publisher and date of publication
• page number(s), if applicable

¹Omer Bartov, "Savage War," in Confronting the Nazi Past. New Debates on Modern German History, ed. Michael Burleigh (London: Collins & Brown, 1996), 130.

Note that the word "in" precedes the title of the book. Pages are referred to by number alone; the abbreviations p. and pp. should not be used.

For a bibliography entry for this title, click here.

---

Journal Article

The first, full reference to an article in a journal or periodical should include the following, in the order shown:

• author's name
• title of article
• title of journal or periodical
• volume or issue number (or both)
• year of publication
• page number(s)

¹Shelley Baranowski, "East Elbian Landed Elites and Germany's Turn to Fascism: The Sonderweg Controversy Revisited," European History Quarterly 26 (1996): 209.

For a bibliography entry for this title, click here.

---

Book Reviews

For such sources the following information is required:

• the name of the reviewer, if indicated
• the title of the review, if any
• the words review offollowed by the title of the work reviewed and the author
• the name of the periodical in which the review appeared
• page numbers

If no author of the review is indicated, the footnote begins with the title of the review or, if there is no title, with the words Review of.

⁴Steven Spitzer. Review of The Limits of Law Enforcement,by Hans Zeisal, American Journal of Sociology91 (November 1985): 726-29.

For a bibliography entry for this title, click here.

---

Newspapers

For most references to newspapers one only needs to cite the name of the paper, the date and the page number(s). However, the citation should include the author's name and the title of the article if these are given.

¹²Canberra Times,30 July 1999.

⁶"John Howard Dead in Freak Accident," The Age,12 September 1999.

⁷Peter Costello, "I was Wrong about the GST," Financial Review,1 April 2000.

For a bibliography entry for this title, click here.

---

Theses and Dissertations

The first, full reference to a thesis or disseration includes the following items:

• author's name
• title
• type of thesis: MA, Ph.D., etc.
• academic institution
• date
• page(s), if applicable

³Megan Estelle Cassidy, "Thirteenth-century English Cistercian Monasteries: Monastic Spaces and their Meanings" (Ph.D., University of Melbourne, 1997), 122-24.

Note that the title is placed in quotation marks and is not italicised.

For a bibliography entry for this title, click here.

---

Unpublished Material

The general rule is to cite the document first, followed by the name of the collection and any essential file number, and then the name and place of the archive.

⁴Senate Committee on the Judiciary, "Lobbying," file 234, RG 104, National Archives, Washington D.C.

For a bibliography entry for this title, click here.

---

Internet sites

If you use material from the Internet you must provide a full, first reference which contains the following information:

• author's name (first name comes first)
• title of work or title or the list/site as appropriate
• access path (universal resource locator, URL)
• date created, if available
• archived at, if appropriate
• date on which you accessed information

Graeme Davison, "On History and Hypertext," Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History; available from http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/new.htm; accessed 19 August 1997.

German Foreign Office Memorandum, Hewel Berchtesgaden to State Secretary von Weizsacker, 29 June 1939, available from http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/062939.htm; archived at the Avalon Project, Yale University Law School 1997; accessed 4 April 1998.

For further examples on citing sources from the Internet see

Citing Sources from the Internet

Citing Electronic Information in History Papers

For a bibliography entry for this title, click here.

---

Subsequent references

Use ibid where appropriate, that is where the citation is to the same work as in the preceding footnote. In all other cases use the author's surname plus a shortened version of the title.

Examples:

¹Joachim C. Fest, Hitler (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1975), 435.

²Ibid., 412.

After the first, full reference in a footnote, subsequent references to a source are shortened. Use only the author's last name and a shortened version of the title of the book or article. Do not use op.cit.

¹Geoffrey G. Field, Evangelist of Race. The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), 234-36.

²Conan Fischer, ed. The Rise of National Socialism and the Working Classes in Weimar Germany (Providence, R.I.: Berghahn Books, 1996).

³Field, Evangelist of Race, 123.